Abstract

The evolution of the seed represents a remarkable transition for photosynthetic organisms. It is the most complex and successful method of sexual reproduction in vascular plants. Seed contain the genetic wisdom of the past and the potential for its perpetuation in the future. Seeds remain in a state of dormancy induced by desiccation and the hormone abscisic acid until conditions for growth become favorable. Seed evolution eliminates requirement for water during sexual reproduction and allows fertilization event to occur over long distances. The germination of seeds in a particular situation and season is determined by the interaction between the dormancy releasing factors, which influence on the termination of dormancy or initiation of germination and seedling growth in many plant species like phyto-hormones, light, temperature, water, nutrients, moisture or mechanical cues. Seeds of different plants need different pretreatment to get vigor seedling and even for production. Therefore, real attention should be given for the plant propagation, particularly for indigenous tree species and seedling multiplication should be considered as our culture to make suitable environment.

Keywords

ovule, seed, dormancy, physiology, germination, gymnosperms, fruits, embryo, photosynthetic, hormone, environment