Hyponatremia induced disequilibrium syndrome in regular hemodialysis: a case report and review of literature
- Urology & Nephrology Open Access Journal
-
Ahmed Akl,1,2,3 Abdulaziz Osailan,2 Hanan Faruqui2
Abstract
Hemodialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome (HDS) is characterized by rapid change of the osmotic gradient between brain and the plasma during hemodialysis leading to neurological manifestations. It is usually attributed to rapid and aggressive hemodialysis. HDS can have various neurological manifestations starting with headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, tremors up to disturbed consciousness and convulsions. In severe cases, patients can die from advanced cerebral edema. Blood urea play a major role in disequilibrium. In our case, we focus on the serum electrolytes mainly sodium as a contributor for HDS.
Keywords
hyponatremia, cerebral oedema, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure