Abstract

In recent years, most cancers in various organs were suppressed due to the development of advanced biomarkers and novel therapeutics. In contrast, outcomes remain challenging in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Due to the lack of validated biomarkers to treat patients, therapeutic development for PDAC is accompanied by certain additional bioassays to evaluate the immune response and study mechanism of actions with respect to a corresponding increase in the number of trials in the beginning middle and the final stage with the integrated biomarkers. In this manuscript, we review the potential biomarkers for approved therapies as well as emerging biomarkers for therapeutics.

In recent years, most cancers in various organs were suppressed due to the development of advanced biomarkers and novel therapeutics. In contrast, outcomes remain challenging in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Due to the lack of validated biomarkers to treat patients, therapeutic development for PDAC is accompanied by certain additional bioassays to evaluate the immune response and study mechanism of actions with respect to a corresponding increase in the number of trials in the beginning middle and the final stage with the integrated biomarkers. In this manuscript, we review the potential biomarkers for approved therapies as well as emerging biomarkers for therapeutics.

Keywords

organs, PDAC, biomarkers