Abstract

Modern power systems are undergoing a profound transformation driven by the increasing penetration of renewable energy, decentralized generation, and digital innovation. At the heart of this evolution lies the smart grid, an integrated, intelligent framework enabling dynamic coordination of generation, storage, and loads. This review synthesizes insights from four highly cited IEEE articles, each representing a unique pillar of smart grid technology: optimal coordination of Active Distribution Networks (ADNs) with Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), stochastic planning of Integrated Energy Systems (IESs), load clustering for effective Demand Response (DR), and intelligent power factor compensation for distorted low-voltage systems. By exploring these dimensions, this article presents a holistic view of the challenges, strategies, and innovations shaping the future of electrical energy systems. Each technique is dissected for its conceptual clarity, technical approach, and real-world relevance, culminating in a collective roadmap for sustainable, responsive, and efficient grid management.

Keywords

Active Distribution Network (ADN), Virtual Power Plant (VPP), Integrated Energy System (IES), Demand Response (DR), Power Factor Compensation, Smart Grid, Optimization, Load Clustering, Frank-Copula, Scenario Reduction