Electromagnetic fields in cattle operations are often unnoticed, yet they represent a continuous environmental factor to which animals are exposed throughout the day. Control panels, motors, milking systems, fans, and waterers generate low-frequency magnetic fields. Although these levels are generally low, animals spend long periods near such equipment, and some studies have reported minor changes in indicators such as behavior, physiology, reproduction, and milk production. These indicators are fundamental measures that directly reflect animal welfare and productive performance. Behavior responds quickly to changes in the environment; physiological measures show the biological effects of stress; reproduction is sensitive to hormonal balance; and milk yield and milk composition can be influenced by small variations in environmental conditions.
Research on behavior has occasionally reported mild restlessness, brief avoidance responses, or slight changes in body orientation. In physiological indicators, small fluctuations in hormone levels and certain biological parameters have been observed. These changes are generally short-lived and not severe enough to affect animal health. Findings related to reproduction show a similar pattern, with no clear evidence that low-frequency magnetic fields impair fertility. Studies on milk yield and milk composition have also noted minor variations, although results remain inconsistent.
Overall, current research shows that electromagnetic field levels encountered in cattle operations are low and do not pose a significant concern for animal health or production. However, further studies under different management conditions are needed to better understand the effects of long-term exposure.