Abstract

Background: Achilles tendon rupture is a serious musculoskeletal condition that affects movement and daily function, particularly in active individuals and athletes. Over the past decades, the frequency of this injury has risen, likely due to increased participation in recreational sports and aging athletic populations. Management remains clinically complex, as treatment approaches vary widely and evidence is continually evolving. Aim of study: The purpose of this review is to thoroughly examine contemporary approaches to Achilles tendon rupture treatment, with an emphasis on comparing surgical and conservative strategies, evaluating diagnostic procedures, and assessing innovative therapies that support functional recovery. Methods: This analysis is based on a comprehensive review of scientific literature, including recent clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses. Emphasis was placed on evidence regarding treatment outcomes, rehabilitation protocols, and the integration of novel adjunctive techniques. Studies were selected for their relevance, methodological quality, and recency. Findings: Recent evidence suggests that non-operative interventions, especially when incorporating early mobility and structured rehabilitation, may produce outcomes equivalent to surgery for select patients. Less invasive surgical options have shown favorable recovery profiles. Long-term function is most strongly associated with adherence to individualized, progressively loaded rehabilitation plans. Adjunct therapies show potential, though findings remain inconclusive. Discussions: Clinical decision-making in Achilles tendon rupture treatment is increasingly personalized, guided by patient goals, activity levels, and healing response. Understanding tendon biomechanics and ensuring continuity in care are essential to minimizing complications and optimizing outcomes. Conclusion: No universal standard exists for treating Achilles tendon rupture. Best outcomes are achieved when diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation are aligned with patient-specific needs and current clinical evidence.

Keywords

achilles tendon rupture, functional outcomes, non-surgical treatment, rehabilitation, return to play, surgery