Abstract

The global food system has undergone a profound transformation over recent decades, marked by a rapid increase in the production and consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). These products, typically characterized by extensive industrial processing, poor nutritional quality, and the inclusion of multiple additives, have become a dominant component of modern diets worldwide. Growing concerns have emerged regarding their potential adverse effects on human health and their broader implications for public health. This review critically examines the current body of scientific evidence linking ultra-processed food consumption to health outcomes, with an emphasis on biological mechanisms, epidemiological findings, and public health relevance. The review synthesizes findings from observational studies, cohort analyses, and meta-analyses that explore associations between UPF intake and a range of health conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health disorders. Proposed mechanisms of harm such as metabolic dysregulation, chronic low-grade inflammation, altered gut microbiota, and exposure to food additives and contaminants are also discussed. In addition, the review highlights global consumption trends and identifies populations that may be particularly vulnerable to the health impacts of UPFs. The evidence suggests a consistent and concerning relationship between high consumption of ultra-processed foods and adverse health outcomes. These findings underscore the need for effective public health interventions, including regulatory policies, dietary guidelines, and consumer education strategies. Addressing existing research gaps and strengthening evidence-based policies will be essential to mitigating the growing health burden associated with ultra-processed foods.

Keywords

ultra-processed foods, human health, metabolic diseases, public health nutrition, and dietary patterns