Abstract

Menstruation is a central aspect of female reproductive health and a key developmental milestone during adolescence. However, in many low- and middle-income contexts, including Cameroon, menstruation is experienced within a framework of stigma, limited knowledge, and inadequate institutional support. This study examines the lived menstruation experiences of adolescent girls in secondary schools in Buea Municipality, Cameroon. Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 120 girls through questionnaires, focus group discussions, and observational assessments of school sanitation facilities. Findings indicate that most participants experienced menarche without prior knowledge, leading to fear and confusion. Menstrual management was constrained by limited access to sanitary materials, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities, and persistent sociocultural taboos. These factors contributed to emotional distress, reduced participation in school, and absenteeism. Drawing on the Socio-Ecological Model, the study demonstrates that menstruation experiences are shaped by intersecting individual, interpersonal, institutional, and societal factors. The paper argues for comprehensive, multilevel interventions to improve menstrual health education, infrastructure, and social norms to promote dignity and gender equity

Keywords

menstruation, adolescent girls, menstrual health management, stigma, WASH, Cameroon, gender, education